fix: 修复常量类型在 VM 中的表示问题

- 为浮点数添加 f 后缀，避免在 VM 中被错误解释为双精度浮点数
- 为长整数添加 L 后缀，保留类型信息
- 双精度浮点数和整数使用默认格式输出
- 支持数组常量的递归序列化，保留类型信息
- 优化了常量生成逻辑，提高了代码可读性和维护性

src/main/java/org/jcnc/snow/compiler/backend/generator/LoadConstGenerator.java

@@ -7,21 +7,93 @@ import org.jcnc.snow.compiler.ir.instruction.LoadConstInstruction;
 import org.jcnc.snow.compiler.ir.value.IRConstant;
 import org.jcnc.snow.compiler.ir.value.IRVirtualRegister;
 
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
 /**
- * <b>LoadConstGenerator - 将 IR {@code LoadConstInstruction} 生成 VM 指令</b>
+ * <b>LoadConstGenerator - Generates VM instructions from IR {@code LoadConstInstruction}</b>
  *
  * <p>
- * 本类负责将 IR 层的常量加载指令 {@link LoadConstInstruction} 转换为对应的虚拟机指令。
+ * This class is responsible for converting IR-level {@link LoadConstInstruction} into corresponding VM instructions.
- * 额外支持：如果常量类型为 {@code String}，会同步登记到
+ * If the constant is a {@code String}, it will also be registered in the
- * {@link CallGenerator} 的字符串常量池，方便 syscall 降级场景使用。
+ * {@link CallGenerator} string constant pool to support syscall downgrade scenarios.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * Fix: When the constant is an array (List), type information is preserved in R_PUSH payload:
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>Float is output with <code>f</code> suffix (e.g., 0.1f);</li>
+ *   <li>Long is output with <code>L</code> suffix (e.g., 123L);</li>
+ *   <li>Double/Integer are output in their default format (e.g., 1.0, 42);</li>
+ *   <li>Supports recursive serialization of nested arrays.</li>
+ * </ul>
+ * This prevents float values from being misinterpreted as double on the VM side,
+ * and avoids Double→Float cast exceptions in later F_STORE operations.
  * </p>
  */
 public class LoadConstGenerator implements InstructionGenerator<LoadConstInstruction> {
 
     /**
-     * 指定本生成器支持的 IR 指令类型（LoadConstInstruction）
+     * Formats a constant value as a string for use as a VM payload.
+     * Lists are recursively serialized, and Float/Long types include suffixes to preserve type information.
+     *
+     * @param v The constant value to format.
+     * @return The formatted string for use in VM code.
+     */
+    private static String formatConst(Object v) {
+        return formatConst(v, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Internal helper for recursively formatting constant values (including nested arrays)
+     * with appropriate type suffixes for array payloads.
+     *
+     * @param v           The constant value to format.
+     * @param insideArray True if currently formatting inside an array context; affects whether type suffixes are applied.
+     * @return The formatted string for use in VM code.
+     */
+    private static String formatConst(Object v, boolean insideArray) {
+        if (v instanceof List<?> list) {
+            // Recursively process each element in the list
+            return "[" + list.stream()
+                    .map(x -> formatConst(x, true))
+                    .collect(Collectors.joining(", ")) + "]";
+        }
+        if (v instanceof String s) {
+            return s;
+        }
+        if (v instanceof Float f) {
+            // Always keep .0 for integer values
+            float fv = f;
+            String s = (fv == (long) fv) ? String.format("%.1f", fv) : f.toString();
+            return insideArray ? (s + "f") : s;
+        }
+        if (v instanceof Long l) {
+            return insideArray ? (l + "L") : l.toString();
+        }
+        if (v instanceof Double d) {
+            double dv = d;
+            // Always keep .0 for integer values
+            return (dv == (long) dv) ? String.format("%.1f", dv) : Double.toString(dv);
+        }
+        if (v instanceof Short s) {
+            return insideArray ? (s + "s") : Short.toString(s);
+        }
+        if (v instanceof Byte b) {
+            return insideArray ? (b + "b") : Byte.toString(b);
+        }
+        if (v instanceof Boolean b) {
+            return b ? "1" : "0";
+        }
+        return String.valueOf(v);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies the type of IR instruction supported by this generator.
+     *
+     * @return The class object representing {@link LoadConstInstruction}.
      */
     @Override
     public Class<LoadConstInstruction> supportedClass() {
@@ -29,12 +101,16 @@ public class LoadConstGenerator implements InstructionGenerator<LoadConstInstruc
     }
 
     /**
-     * 生成 VM 指令主流程
+     * Generates the VM instructions for a given {@link LoadConstInstruction}.
+     * <p>
+     * This includes formatting the constant value, emitting the corresponding PUSH and STORE instructions,
+     * marking the local slot type for later operations, and registering string constants if necessary.
+     * </p>
      *
-     * @param ins       当前常量加载指令
+     * @param ins       The {@link LoadConstInstruction} to generate code for.
-     * @param out       指令输出构建器
+     * @param out       The {@link VMProgramBuilder} used to collect the generated instructions.
-     * @param slotMap   虚拟寄存器与物理槽位映射
+     * @param slotMap   A mapping from {@link IRVirtualRegister} to physical slot indices.
-     * @param currentFn 当前函数名
+     * @param currentFn The name of the current function.
      */
     @Override
     public void generate(LoadConstInstruction ins,
@@ -42,35 +118,35 @@ public class LoadConstGenerator implements InstructionGenerator<LoadConstInstruc
                          Map<IRVirtualRegister, Integer> slotMap,
                          String currentFn) {
 
-        /* 1. 获取常量值 */
+        // 1. Get the constant value
         IRConstant constant = (IRConstant) ins.operands().getFirst();
         Object value = constant.value();
 
-        /* 2. 生成 PUSH 指令，将常量值入栈 */
+        // 2. Generate PUSH instruction (array constants use type-aware formatting)
-        out.emit(OpHelper.pushOpcodeFor(value) + " " + value);
+        String payload = formatConst(value);
+        out.emit(OpHelper.pushOpcodeFor(value) + " " + payload);
 
-        /* 3. STORE 到目标槽位 */
+        // 3. STORE the result to the destination slot
         int slot = slotMap.get(ins.dest());
         out.emit(OpHelper.storeOpcodeFor(value) + " " + slot);
 
-        /* 4. 标记槽位数据类型（用于后续类型推断和 LOAD/STORE 指令选择） */
+        // 4. Mark the slot's data type for later inference and instruction selection
         char prefix = switch (value) {
-            case Integer _ -> 'I';   // 整型
+            case Integer _ -> 'I';   // Integer
-            case Long    _ -> 'L';   // 长整型
+            case Long _ -> 'L';      // Long
-            case Short   _ -> 'S';   // 短整型
+            case Short _ -> 'S';     // Short
-            case Byte    _ -> 'B';   // 字节型
+            case Byte _ -> 'B';      // Byte
-            case Double  _ -> 'D';   // 双精度
+            case Double _ -> 'D';    // Double
-            case Float   _ -> 'F';   // 单精度
+            case Float _ -> 'F';     // Float
-            case Boolean _ -> 'I';   // 布尔类型用 I 处理
+            case Boolean _ -> 'I';   // Boolean handled as Integer (typically lowered to 1/0)
-            case String  _ -> 'R';   // 字符串常量
+            case String _ -> 'R';    // String constant
-            case java.util.List<?> _ -> 'R'; // 引用类型（如数组等）
+            case java.util.List<?> _ -> 'R'; // Reference type (arrays, etc.)
-            case null, default ->
+            case null, default -> throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown constant type: "
-                    throw new IllegalStateException("未知的常量类型: "
+                    + (value != null ? value.getClass() : null));
-                            + (value != null ? value.getClass() : null));
         };
         out.setSlotType(slot, prefix);
 
-        /* 5. 如果是字符串常量，则登记到 CallGenerator 的常量池，便于 syscall 字符串降级使用 */
+        // 5. If the constant is a string, register it for the CallGenerator string pool
         if (value instanceof String s) {
             CallGenerator.registerStringConst(ins.dest().id(), s);
         }

src/main/java/org/jcnc/snow/vm/commands/ref/control/RPushCommand.java

@@ -38,48 +38,12 @@ public final class RPushCommand implements Command {
 
     // ======== Parsing helpers ========
 
-    private static final class Cursor {
+    /**
-        final String s;
+     * Deeply wraps lists as unmodifiable; leaves scalars unchanged.
-        int i;
+     *
-        Cursor(String s) { this.s = s; this.i = 0; }
+     * @param v input object
-        boolean end() { return i >= s.length(); }
+     * @return deeply unmodifiable version of the object
-        char ch() { return s.charAt(i); }
+     */
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int execute(String[] parts, int pc,
-                       OperandStack stack,
-                       LocalVariableStore lvs,
-                       CallStack cs) {
-
-        if (parts.length < 2)
-            throw new IllegalStateException("R_PUSH missing parameter");
-
-        // Join all arguments after R_PUSH into a single string, separated by spaces.
-        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
-        for (int i = 1; i < parts.length; i++) {
-            if (i > 1) sb.append(' ');
-            sb.append(parts[i]);
-        }
-        String literal = sb.toString().trim();
-
-        // If the literal is an array (e.g., [1, 2, "foo"]), parse elements and push as an unmodifiable list.
-        if (literal.startsWith("[") && literal.endsWith("]")) {
-            Object parsed = parseValue(new Cursor(literal));
-            if (!(parsed instanceof List<?> list)) {
-                // Should never happen for a bracketed value, but keep a guard.
-                stack.push(parsed);
-            } else {
-                stack.push(deepUnmodifiable(list));
-            }
-        } else {
-            // Otherwise, push the string literal as-is.
-            stack.push(literal);
-        }
-        return pc + 1;
-    }
-
-    /** Deeply wrap lists as unmodifiable; leave scalars intact. */
     private static Object deepUnmodifiableObject(Object v) {
         if (v instanceof List<?> l) {
             return deepUnmodifiable(l);
@@ -87,14 +51,26 @@ public final class RPushCommand implements Command {
         return v;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Recursively wraps all nested lists as unmodifiable.
+     *
+     * @param l input list
+     * @return deeply unmodifiable list
+     */
     private static List<?> deepUnmodifiable(List<?> l) {
         List<Object> out = new ArrayList<>(l.size());
         for (Object v : l) out.add(deepUnmodifiableObject(v));
         return Collections.unmodifiableList(out);
     }
 
-    // ======== Recursive-descent parser for array literals ========
+    /**
-
+     * Parses a value starting from the cursor.
+     * Skips whitespace, and delegates to the appropriate sub-parser depending on the character:
+     * array, quoted string, or atomic value.
+     *
+     * @param c cursor
+     * @return parsed value (Object)
+     */
     private static Object parseValue(Cursor c) {
         skipWs(c);
         if (c.end()) return "";
@@ -104,6 +80,13 @@ public final class RPushCommand implements Command {
         return parseAtom(c);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Parses an array literal from the cursor, supporting nested structures.
+     * Assumes the current character is '['.
+     *
+     * @param c cursor
+     * @return List of parsed objects
+     */
     private static List<Object> parseArray(Cursor c) {
         // assumes current char is '['
         expect(c, '[');
@@ -126,74 +109,254 @@ public final class RPushCommand implements Command {
         return values;
     }
 
+    // ======== Recursive-descent parser for array literals ========
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a string literal wrapped in double quotes (supports common escape sequences).
+     * <p>
+     * Assumes the cursor currently points to the starting quote character ("), and consumes the opening quote.
+     * Parses the string content from the cursor, stopping at the closing quote (").
+     * Supported escape sequences:
+     * <ul>
+     *   <li>\n newline</li>
+     *   <li>\r carriage return</li>
+     *   <li>\t tab</li>
+     *   <li>\" double quote itself</li>
+     *   <li>\\ backslash</li>
+     *   <li>Other characters are output as-is</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * If the string is not closed properly (i.e., no closing quote is found before the end), returns the currently parsed content.
+     *
+     * @param c cursor object (must support ch() for current char, i for index, end() for boundary check)
+     * @return parsed string content
+     */
     private static String parseQuoted(Cursor c) {
-        // assumes current char is '"'
+        // Assume current position is the opening quote; consume it
         expect(c, '\"');
         StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+
+        // Traverse until the end or an unclosed string
         while (!c.end()) {
             char ch = c.ch();
             c.i++;
-            if (ch == '\\') { // escape
+            if (ch == '\\') { // handle escape sequences
-                if (c.end()) break;
+                if (c.end()) break; // nothing after escape char
                 char nxt = c.ch();
                 c.i++;
+                // Common escapes
                 switch (nxt) {
-                    case 'n' -> sb.append('\n');
+                    case 'n' -> sb.append('\n');    // newline
-                    case 'r' -> sb.append('\r');
+                    case 'r' -> sb.append('\r');    // carriage return
-                    case 't' -> sb.append('\t');
+                    case 't' -> sb.append('\t');    // tab
-                    case '\"' -> sb.append('\"');
+                    case '\"' -> sb.append('\"');   // double quote
-                    case '\\' -> sb.append('\\');
+                    case '\\' -> sb.append('\\');   // backslash
-                    default -> sb.append(nxt);
+                    default -> sb.append(nxt);      // any other char as-is
                 }
             } else if (ch == '\"') {
-                // end quote
+                // Found closing quote; end of string
                 return sb.toString();
             } else {
+                // Regular character
                 sb.append(ch);
             }
         }
-        // Unclosed string: return what we have
+        // Unclosed string, return parsed content
         return sb.toString();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Parses an atomic constant ("atom"), supporting type-suffixed numbers and booleans.
+     * <p>
+     * Examples: 0.1f, 123L, 3.14d, 100, true, false<br>
+     * Parsing rules:
+     * <ul>
+     *   <li>Supports float(f/F), long(l/L), double(d/D), short(s/S), byte(b/B) type suffixes</li>
+     *   <li>Supports boolean true/false (case-insensitive, converted to 1/0)</li>
+     *   <li>Decimals without suffix parsed as double; integers without suffix as int</li>
+     *   <li>If parsing fails, returns the original string</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param c cursor, must support ch() for current char, i for index, end() for boundary check, s for the original string
+     * @return parsed Object
+     */
     private static Object parseAtom(Cursor c) {
         int start = c.i;
+        // Read until a comma, ']' or whitespace
         while (!c.end()) {
             char ch = c.ch();
-            if (ch == ',' || ch == ']' ) break;
+            if (ch == ',' || ch == ']') break;
             if (Character.isWhitespace(ch)) break;
             c.i++;
         }
+        // Extract current token
         String token = c.s.substring(start, c.i).trim();
         if (token.isEmpty()) return "";
-        // booleans
+        // Boolean parsing (case-insensitive, convert to 1/0)
         if ("true".equalsIgnoreCase(token)) return 1;
         if ("false".equalsIgnoreCase(token)) return 0;
-        // number (int or double)
+        // Handle numeric type suffixes
         try {
-            if (token.contains(".") || token.contains("e") || token.contains("E")) {
+            char last = token.charAt(token.length() - 1);
-                return Double.parseDouble(token);
+            switch (last) {
-            } else {
+                case 'f':
-                return Integer.parseInt(token);
+                case 'F':
+                    // float suffix
+                    return Float.parseFloat(token.substring(0, token.length() - 1));
+                case 'l':
+                case 'L':
+                    // long suffix
+                    return Long.parseLong(token.substring(0, token.length() - 1));
+                case 'd':
+                case 'D':
+                    // double suffix
+                    return Double.parseDouble(token.substring(0, token.length() - 1));
+                case 's':
+                case 'S':
+                    // short suffix
+                    return Short.parseShort(token.substring(0, token.length() - 1));
+                case 'b':
+                case 'B':
+                    // byte suffix
+                    return Byte.parseByte(token.substring(0, token.length() - 1));
+                default:
+                    // No suffix, check for floating point or integer
+                    if (token.contains(".") || token.contains("e") || token.contains("E")) {
+                        return Double.parseDouble(token);
+                    } else {
+                        return Integer.parseInt(token);
+                    }
             }
         } catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
-            // fallback: raw string
+            // Parsing failed, fall back to original string (e.g. identifiers)
             return token;
         }
     }
 
+
+    /**
+     * Skips all whitespace characters at the current cursor position until a non-whitespace or end of text is reached.
+     * <p>
+     * The cursor index is automatically incremented, so it will point to the next non-whitespace character (or end of text).
+     *
+     * @param c cursor object (must support ch() for current char, i for index, end() for boundary check)
+     */
     private static void skipWs(Cursor c) {
-        while (!c.end() && Character.isWhitespace(c.ch())) c.i++;
+        // Increment cursor while not at end and is whitespace
+        while (!c.end() && Character.isWhitespace(c.ch())) {
+            c.i++;
+        }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Checks if the current cursor position matches the specified character.
+     *
+     * @param c  cursor object
+     * @param ch expected character
+     * @return true if not at end and character matches ch, otherwise false
+     */
     private static boolean peek(Cursor c, char ch) {
         return !c.end() && c.ch() == ch;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the current cursor position is the specified character; throws if not.
+     * If it matches, skips the character and any following whitespace.
+     *
+     * @param c  cursor object
+     * @param ch expected character
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if current position is not the expected character
+     */
     private static void expect(Cursor c, char ch) {
         if (c.end() || c.ch() != ch)
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("R_PUSH array literal parse error: expected '" + ch + "' at position " + c.i);
-        c.i++; // consume
+        c.i++; // Consume current character
-        skipWs(c);
+        skipWs(c); // Skip any subsequent whitespace
     }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Executes the R_PUSH instruction: pushes a constant or array constant onto the operand stack.
+     * <p>
+     * Processing steps:
+     * <ul>
+     *     <li>1. Checks parameter count, throws if insufficient.</li>
+     *     <li>2. Concatenates all arguments (except opcode) into a raw literal string.</li>
+     *     <li>3. Checks if the literal is an array (starts with [ and ends with ]).</li>
+     *     <li>4. If array, recursively parses and pushes as a read-only List onto the operand stack.</li>
+     *     <li>5. Otherwise, pushes the literal string as-is.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param parts instruction and parameter strings (parts[0] is the opcode, others are params)
+     * @param pc    current instruction index
+     * @param stack operand stack
+     * @param lvs   local variable store
+     * @param cs    call stack
+     * @return next instruction index
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int execute(String[] parts, int pc,
+                       OperandStack stack,
+                       LocalVariableStore lvs,
+                       CallStack cs) {
+
+        // Check parameter count
+        if (parts.length < 2)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("R_PUSH missing parameter");
+
+        // Join all arguments into a complete literal string
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        for (int i = 1; i < parts.length; i++) {
+            if (i > 1) sb.append(' ');
+            sb.append(parts[i]);
+        }
+        String literal = sb.toString().trim();
+
+        // Check if this is an array literal
+        if (literal.startsWith("[") && literal.endsWith("]")) {
+            Object parsed = parseValue(new Cursor(literal));
+            if (!(parsed instanceof List<?> list)) {
+                // Should not happen in theory; safety fallback
+                stack.push(parsed);
+            } else {
+                // Convert to read-only List before pushing to prevent modification
+                stack.push(deepUnmodifiable(list));
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Regular string, push as-is
+            stack.push(literal);
+        }
+        return pc + 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple string cursor, supporting index increment and character reading, for use by the parser.
+     */
+    private static final class Cursor {
+        final String s; // Original string
+        int i;          // Current index
+
+        Cursor(String s) {
+            this.s = s;
+            this.i = 0;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Checks if the cursor is at the end of the string.
+         *
+         * @return true if at end
+         */
+        boolean end() {
+            return i >= s.length();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Gets the character at the current cursor position.
+         *
+         * @return current character
+         */
+        char ch() {
+            return s.charAt(i);
+        }
+    }
+
 }