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- 将所有小写的命名空间导入更正为首字母大写格式 - 统一 GFramework 框架的命名空间引用规范 - 修复 core、ecs、godot 等模块的命名空间导入错误 - 标准化文档示例代码中的 using 语句格式 - 确保所有文档中的命名空间引用保持一致性 - 更新 global using 语句以匹配正确的命名空间格式
815 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
815 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: 资源管理最佳实践
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description: 学习如何高效管理游戏资源，避免内存泄漏和性能问题
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---
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# 资源管理最佳实践
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## 学习目标
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完成本教程后，你将能够：
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- 理解资源管理的核心概念和重要性
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- 实现自定义资源加载器
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- 使用资源句柄管理资源生命周期
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- 实现资源预加载和延迟加载
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- 选择合适的资源释放策略
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- 避免常见的资源管理陷阱
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## 前置条件
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- 已安装 GFramework.Core NuGet 包
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- 了解 C# 基础语法和 async/await
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- 阅读过[快速开始](/zh-CN/getting-started/quick-start)
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- 了解[协程系统](/zh-CN/core/coroutine)
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## 步骤 1：创建资源类型和加载器
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首先，让我们定义游戏中常用的资源类型，并为它们实现加载器。
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```csharp
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using GFramework.Core.Abstractions.Resource;
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using System;
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using System.IO;
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using System.Threading.Tasks;
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namespace MyGame.Resources
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{
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// ===== 资源类型定义 =====
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/// <summary>
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/// 纹理资源
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/// </summary>
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public class Texture : IDisposable
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{
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public string Path { get; set; } = string.Empty;
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public int Width { get; set; }
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public int Height { get; set; }
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public byte[]? Data { get; set; }
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public void Dispose()
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{
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Data = null;
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Console.WriteLine($"纹理已释放: {Path}");
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}
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}
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/// <summary>
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/// 音频资源
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/// </summary>
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public class AudioClip : IDisposable
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{
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public string Path { get; set; } = string.Empty;
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public double Duration { get; set; }
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public byte[]? Data { get; set; }
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public void Dispose()
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{
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Data = null;
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Console.WriteLine($"音频已释放: {Path}");
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}
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}
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/// <summary>
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/// 配置文件资源
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/// </summary>
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public class ConfigData
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{
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public string Path { get; set; } = string.Empty;
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public Dictionary<string, string> Data { get; set; } = new();
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}
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// ===== 资源加载器实现 =====
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/// <summary>
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/// 纹理加载器
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/// </summary>
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public class TextureLoader : IResourceLoader<Texture>
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{
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public Texture Load(string path)
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{
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Console.WriteLine($"同步加载纹理: {path}");
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// 模拟加载纹理
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Thread.Sleep(100); // 模拟 I/O 延迟
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return new Texture
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{
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Path = path,
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Width = 512,
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Height = 512,
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Data = new byte[512 * 512 * 4] // RGBA
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};
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}
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public async Task<Texture> LoadAsync(string path)
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{
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Console.WriteLine($"异步加载纹理: {path}");
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// 模拟异步加载
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await Task.Delay(100);
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return new Texture
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{
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Path = path,
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Width = 512,
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Height = 512,
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Data = new byte[512 * 512 * 4]
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};
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}
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public void Unload(Texture resource)
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{
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resource?.Dispose();
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}
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}
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/// <summary>
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/// 音频加载器
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/// </summary>
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public class AudioLoader : IResourceLoader<AudioClip>
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{
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public AudioClip Load(string path)
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{
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Console.WriteLine($"同步加载音频: {path}");
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Thread.Sleep(150);
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return new AudioClip
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{
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Path = path,
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Duration = 30.0,
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Data = new byte[1024 * 1024] // 1MB
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};
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}
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public async Task<AudioClip> LoadAsync(string path)
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{
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Console.WriteLine($"异步加载音频: {path}");
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await Task.Delay(150);
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return new AudioClip
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{
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Path = path,
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Duration = 30.0,
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Data = new byte[1024 * 1024]
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};
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}
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public void Unload(AudioClip resource)
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{
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resource?.Dispose();
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}
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}
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/// <summary>
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/// 配置文件加载器
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/// </summary>
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public class ConfigLoader : IResourceLoader<ConfigData>
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{
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public ConfigData Load(string path)
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{
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Console.WriteLine($"加载配置: {path}");
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// 模拟解析配置文件
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return new ConfigData
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{
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Path = path,
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Data = new Dictionary<string, string>
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{
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["version"] = "1.0",
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["difficulty"] = "normal"
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}
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};
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}
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public async Task<ConfigData> LoadAsync(string path)
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{
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await Task.Delay(50);
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return Load(path);
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}
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public void Unload(ConfigData resource)
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{
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resource.Data.Clear();
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Console.WriteLine($"配置已释放: {resource.Path}");
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}
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}
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}
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```
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**代码说明**：
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- 定义了三种常见资源类型：纹理、音频、配置
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- 实现 `IResourceLoader<T>` 接口提供加载逻辑
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- 同步和异步加载方法分别处理不同场景
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- `Unload` 方法负责资源清理
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## 步骤 2：注册资源管理器
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在架构中注册资源管理器和所有加载器。
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```csharp
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using GFramework.Core.Architecture;
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using GFramework.Core.Abstractions.Resource;
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using GFramework.Core.Resource;
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using MyGame.Resources;
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namespace MyGame
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{
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public class GameArchitecture : Architecture
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{
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public static IArchitecture Interface { get; private set; }
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protected override void Init()
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{
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Interface = this;
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// 创建资源管理器
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var resourceManager = new ResourceManager();
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// 注册资源加载器
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resourceManager.RegisterLoader(new TextureLoader());
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resourceManager.RegisterLoader(new AudioLoader());
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resourceManager.RegisterLoader(new ConfigLoader());
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// 设置释放策略（默认手动释放）
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resourceManager.SetReleaseStrategy(new ManualReleaseStrategy());
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// 注册到架构
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RegisterUtility<IResourceManager>(resourceManager);
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Console.WriteLine("资源管理器初始化完成");
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}
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}
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}
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```
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**代码说明**：
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- 创建 `ResourceManager` 实例
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- 为每种资源类型注册对应的加载器
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- 设置资源释放策略
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- 将资源管理器注册为 Utility
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## 步骤 3：实现资源预加载系统
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创建一个系统来管理资源的预加载和卸载。
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```csharp
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using GFramework.Core.System;
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using GFramework.Core.Abstractions.Resource;
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using GFramework.Core.Extensions;
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using MyGame.Resources;
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using System.Collections.Generic;
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using System.Threading.Tasks;
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namespace MyGame.Systems
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{
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/// <summary>
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/// 资源预加载系统
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/// </summary>
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public class ResourcePreloadSystem : AbstractSystem
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{
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// 场景资源配置
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private readonly Dictionary<string, List<string>> _sceneResources = new()
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{
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["Menu"] = new List<string>
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{
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"textures/menu_bg.png",
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"textures/button.png",
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"audio/menu_bgm.mp3"
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},
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["Gameplay"] = new List<string>
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{
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"textures/player.png",
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"textures/enemy.png",
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"textures/bullet.png",
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"audio/game_bgm.mp3",
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"audio/shoot.mp3",
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"config/level_1.cfg"
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},
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["GameOver"] = new List<string>
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{
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"textures/gameover_bg.png",
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"audio/gameover.mp3"
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}
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};
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// 当前场景的资源句柄
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private readonly List<IDisposable> _currentHandles = new();
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/// <summary>
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/// 预加载场景资源
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/// </summary>
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public async Task PreloadSceneAsync(string sceneName)
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{
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if (!_sceneResources.TryGetValue(sceneName, out var resources))
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{
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Console.WriteLine($"场景 {sceneName} 没有配置资源");
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return;
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}
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Console.WriteLine($"\n=== 开始预加载场景: {sceneName} ===");
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var resourceManager = this.GetUtility<IResourceManager>();
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// 并行加载所有资源
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var tasks = new List<Task>();
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foreach (var path in resources)
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{
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if (path.EndsWith(".png"))
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{
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tasks.Add(resourceManager.PreloadAsync<Texture>(path));
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}
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else if (path.EndsWith(".mp3"))
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{
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tasks.Add(resourceManager.PreloadAsync<AudioClip>(path));
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}
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else if (path.EndsWith(".cfg"))
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{
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tasks.Add(resourceManager.PreloadAsync<ConfigData>(path));
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}
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}
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await Task.WhenAll(tasks);
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Console.WriteLine($"场景 {sceneName} 资源预加载完成\n");
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}
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/// <summary>
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/// 预加载场景资源（带进度）
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/// </summary>
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public async Task PreloadSceneWithProgressAsync(
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string sceneName,
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Action<float> onProgress)
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{
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if (!_sceneResources.TryGetValue(sceneName, out var resources))
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return;
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Console.WriteLine($"\n=== 开始预加载场景: {sceneName} ===");
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var resourceManager = this.GetUtility<IResourceManager>();
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int totalCount = resources.Count;
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int loadedCount = 0;
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foreach (var path in resources)
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{
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// 根据扩展名加载不同类型的资源
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if (path.EndsWith(".png"))
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{
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await resourceManager.PreloadAsync<Texture>(path);
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}
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else if (path.EndsWith(".mp3"))
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{
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await resourceManager.PreloadAsync<AudioClip>(path);
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}
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else if (path.EndsWith(".cfg"))
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{
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await resourceManager.PreloadAsync<ConfigData>(path);
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}
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loadedCount++;
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float progress = (float)loadedCount / totalCount;
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onProgress?.Invoke(progress);
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Console.WriteLine($"加载进度: {progress * 100:F0}% ({loadedCount}/{totalCount})");
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}
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Console.WriteLine($"场景 {sceneName} 资源预加载完成\n");
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}
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/// <summary>
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/// 获取场景资源句柄
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/// </summary>
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public void AcquireSceneResources(string sceneName)
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{
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if (!_sceneResources.TryGetValue(sceneName, out var resources))
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return;
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Console.WriteLine($"获取场景 {sceneName} 的资源句柄");
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var resourceManager = this.GetUtility<IResourceManager>();
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// 清理旧句柄
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ReleaseCurrentResources();
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// 获取新句柄
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foreach (var path in resources)
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{
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IDisposable? handle = null;
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if (path.EndsWith(".png"))
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{
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handle = resourceManager.GetHandle<Texture>(path);
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}
|
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else if (path.EndsWith(".mp3"))
|
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{
|
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handle = resourceManager.GetHandle<AudioClip>(path);
|
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}
|
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else if (path.EndsWith(".cfg"))
|
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{
|
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handle = resourceManager.GetHandle<ConfigData>(path);
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}
|
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if (handle != null)
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{
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_currentHandles.Add(handle);
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}
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}
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Console.WriteLine($"已获取 {_currentHandles.Count} 个资源句柄");
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}
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/// <summary>
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/// 释放当前场景资源
|
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/// </summary>
|
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public void ReleaseCurrentResources()
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{
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Console.WriteLine($"释放 {_currentHandles.Count} 个资源句柄");
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foreach (var handle in _currentHandles)
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{
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handle.Dispose();
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}
|
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_currentHandles.Clear();
|
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}
|
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|
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/// <summary>
|
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/// 卸载场景资源
|
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/// </summary>
|
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public void UnloadSceneResources(string sceneName)
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{
|
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if (!_sceneResources.TryGetValue(sceneName, out var resources))
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return;
|
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Console.WriteLine($"\n卸载场景 {sceneName} 的资源");
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var resourceManager = this.GetUtility<IResourceManager>();
|
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foreach (var path in resources)
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{
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resourceManager.Unload(path);
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}
|
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|
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Console.WriteLine($"场景 {sceneName} 资源已卸载\n");
|
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}
|
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|
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/// <summary>
|
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/// 显示资源状态
|
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/// </summary>
|
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public void ShowResourceStatus()
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{
|
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var resourceManager = this.GetUtility<IResourceManager>();
|
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|
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Console.WriteLine("\n=== 资源状态 ===");
|
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Console.WriteLine($"已加载资源数: {resourceManager.LoadedResourceCount}");
|
||
Console.WriteLine("已加载资源列表:");
|
||
|
||
foreach (var path in resourceManager.GetLoadedResourcePaths())
|
||
{
|
||
Console.WriteLine($" - {path}");
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
Console.WriteLine();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**代码说明**：
|
||
|
||
- 使用字典配置每个场景需要的资源
|
||
- `PreloadSceneAsync` 并行预加载所有资源
|
||
- `PreloadSceneWithProgressAsync` 提供加载进度回调
|
||
- `AcquireSceneResources` 获取资源句柄防止被释放
|
||
- `ReleaseCurrentResources` 释放不再使用的资源
|
||
|
||
## 步骤 4：实现资源使用示例
|
||
|
||
创建一个游戏系统展示如何正确使用资源。
|
||
|
||
```csharp
|
||
using GFramework.Core.System;
|
||
using GFramework.Core.Abstractions.Resource;
|
||
using GFramework.Core.Extensions;
|
||
using MyGame.Resources;
|
||
|
||
namespace MyGame.Systems
|
||
{
|
||
/// <summary>
|
||
/// 游戏系统示例
|
||
/// </summary>
|
||
public class GameplaySystem : AbstractSystem
|
||
{
|
||
private IResourceHandle<Texture>? _playerTexture;
|
||
private IResourceHandle<AudioClip>? _bgmClip;
|
||
|
||
/// <summary>
|
||
/// 初始化游戏
|
||
/// </summary>
|
||
public void InitializeGame()
|
||
{
|
||
Console.WriteLine("\n=== 初始化游戏 ===");
|
||
var resourceManager = this.GetUtility<IResourceManager>();
|
||
|
||
// 获取玩家纹理句柄
|
||
_playerTexture = resourceManager.GetHandle<Texture>("textures/player.png");
|
||
if (_playerTexture?.Resource != null)
|
||
{
|
||
Console.WriteLine($"玩家纹理已加载: {_playerTexture.Resource.Width}x{_playerTexture.Resource.Height}");
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 获取背景音乐句柄
|
||
_bgmClip = resourceManager.GetHandle<AudioClip>("audio/game_bgm.mp3");
|
||
if (_bgmClip?.Resource != null)
|
||
{
|
||
Console.WriteLine($"背景音乐已加载: {_bgmClip.Resource.Duration}秒");
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
Console.WriteLine("游戏初始化完成\n");
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// <summary>
|
||
/// 使用临时资源（使用 using 语句）
|
||
/// </summary>
|
||
public void SpawnBullet()
|
||
{
|
||
var resourceManager = this.GetUtility<IResourceManager>();
|
||
|
||
// 使用 using 语句自动管理资源生命周期
|
||
using var bulletTexture = resourceManager.GetHandle<Texture>("textures/bullet.png");
|
||
|
||
if (bulletTexture?.Resource != null)
|
||
{
|
||
Console.WriteLine("创建子弹，使用纹理");
|
||
// 使用纹理创建子弹...
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 离开作用域后自动释放句柄
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// <summary>
|
||
/// 播放音效（临时资源）
|
||
/// </summary>
|
||
public void PlayShootSound()
|
||
{
|
||
var resourceManager = this.GetUtility<IResourceManager>();
|
||
|
||
using var shootSound = resourceManager.GetHandle<AudioClip>("audio/shoot.mp3");
|
||
|
||
if (shootSound?.Resource != null)
|
||
{
|
||
Console.WriteLine("播放射击音效");
|
||
// 播放音效...
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/// <summary>
|
||
/// 清理游戏资源
|
||
/// </summary>
|
||
public void CleanupGame()
|
||
{
|
||
Console.WriteLine("\n=== 清理游戏资源 ===");
|
||
|
||
// 释放长期持有的资源句柄
|
||
_playerTexture?.Dispose();
|
||
_playerTexture = null;
|
||
|
||
_bgmClip?.Dispose();
|
||
_bgmClip = null;
|
||
|
||
Console.WriteLine("游戏资源已清理\n");
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**代码说明**：
|
||
|
||
- 长期使用的资源（玩家纹理、BGM）保存句柄
|
||
- 临时资源（子弹纹理、音效）使用 `using` 语句
|
||
- 在清理时释放所有持有的句柄
|
||
- 展示了正确的资源生命周期管理
|
||
|
||
## 步骤 5：测试资源管理
|
||
|
||
编写测试代码验证资源管理功能。
|
||
|
||
```csharp
|
||
using MyGame;
|
||
using MyGame.Systems;
|
||
using System;
|
||
using System.Threading.Tasks;
|
||
|
||
class Program
|
||
{
|
||
static async Task Main(string[] args)
|
||
{
|
||
Console.WriteLine("=== 资源管理最佳实践测试 ===\n");
|
||
|
||
// 1. 初始化架构
|
||
var architecture = new GameArchitecture();
|
||
architecture.Initialize();
|
||
await architecture.WaitUntilReadyAsync();
|
||
|
||
// 2. 获取系统
|
||
var preloadSystem = architecture.GetSystem<ResourcePreloadSystem>();
|
||
var gameplaySystem = architecture.GetSystem<GameplaySystem>();
|
||
|
||
// 3. 测试场景资源预加载
|
||
Console.WriteLine("--- 测试 1: 预加载菜单场景 ---");
|
||
await preloadSystem.PreloadSceneWithProgressAsync("Menu", progress =>
|
||
{
|
||
// 进度回调
|
||
});
|
||
preloadSystem.ShowResourceStatus();
|
||
|
||
await Task.Delay(500);
|
||
|
||
// 4. 切换到游戏场景
|
||
Console.WriteLine("--- 测试 2: 切换到游戏场景 ---");
|
||
await preloadSystem.PreloadSceneWithProgressAsync("Gameplay", progress =>
|
||
{
|
||
// 进度回调
|
||
});
|
||
preloadSystem.ShowResourceStatus();
|
||
|
||
await Task.Delay(500);
|
||
|
||
// 5. 获取场景资源句柄
|
||
Console.WriteLine("--- 测试 3: 获取游戏场景资源句柄 ---");
|
||
preloadSystem.AcquireSceneResources("Gameplay");
|
||
|
||
await Task.Delay(500);
|
||
|
||
// 6. 初始化游戏
|
||
Console.WriteLine("--- 测试 4: 初始化游戏 ---");
|
||
gameplaySystem.InitializeGame();
|
||
|
||
await Task.Delay(500);
|
||
|
||
// 7. 使用临时资源
|
||
Console.WriteLine("--- 测试 5: 使用临时资源 ---");
|
||
gameplaySystem.SpawnBullet();
|
||
gameplaySystem.PlayShootSound();
|
||
preloadSystem.ShowResourceStatus();
|
||
|
||
await Task.Delay(500);
|
||
|
||
// 8. 清理游戏
|
||
Console.WriteLine("--- 测试 6: 清理游戏 ---");
|
||
gameplaySystem.CleanupGame();
|
||
|
||
await Task.Delay(500);
|
||
|
||
// 9. 释放场景资源句柄
|
||
Console.WriteLine("--- 测试 7: 释放场景资源句柄 ---");
|
||
preloadSystem.ReleaseCurrentResources();
|
||
preloadSystem.ShowResourceStatus();
|
||
|
||
await Task.Delay(500);
|
||
|
||
// 10. 卸载旧场景资源
|
||
Console.WriteLine("--- 测试 8: 卸载菜单场景资源 ---");
|
||
preloadSystem.UnloadSceneResources("Menu");
|
||
preloadSystem.ShowResourceStatus();
|
||
|
||
Console.WriteLine("=== 测试完成 ===");
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**代码说明**：
|
||
|
||
- 测试资源预加载和进度回调
|
||
- 测试场景切换时的资源管理
|
||
- 测试资源句柄的获取和释放
|
||
- 测试临时资源的自动管理
|
||
- 验证资源状态和内存清理
|
||
|
||
## 完整代码
|
||
|
||
所有代码文件已在上述步骤中提供。项目结构如下：
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
MyGame/
|
||
├── Resources/
|
||
│ ├── Texture.cs
|
||
│ ├── AudioClip.cs
|
||
│ ├── ConfigData.cs
|
||
│ ├── TextureLoader.cs
|
||
│ ├── AudioLoader.cs
|
||
│ └── ConfigLoader.cs
|
||
├── Systems/
|
||
│ ├── ResourcePreloadSystem.cs
|
||
│ └── GameplaySystem.cs
|
||
├── GameArchitecture.cs
|
||
└── Program.cs
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 运行结果
|
||
|
||
运行程序后，你将看到类似以下的输出：
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
=== 资源管理最佳实践测试 ===
|
||
|
||
资源管理器初始化完成
|
||
|
||
--- 测试 1: 预加载菜单场景 ---
|
||
|
||
=== 开始预加载场景: Menu ===
|
||
异步加载纹理: textures/menu_bg.png
|
||
异步加载纹理: textures/button.png
|
||
异步加载音频: audio/menu_bgm.mp3
|
||
加载进度: 33% (1/3)
|
||
加载进度: 67% (2/3)
|
||
加载进度: 100% (3/3)
|
||
场景 Menu 资源预加载完成
|
||
|
||
=== 资源状态 ===
|
||
已加载资源数: 3
|
||
已加载资源列表:
|
||
- textures/menu_bg.png
|
||
- textures/button.png
|
||
- audio/menu_bgm.mp3
|
||
|
||
--- 测试 2: 切换到游戏场景 ---
|
||
|
||
=== 开始预加载场景: Gameplay ===
|
||
异步加载纹理: textures/player.png
|
||
异步加载纹理: textures/enemy.png
|
||
异步加载纹理: textures/bullet.png
|
||
异步加载音频: audio/game_bgm.mp3
|
||
异步加载音频: audio/shoot.mp3
|
||
加载配置: config/level_1.cfg
|
||
加载进度: 17% (1/6)
|
||
加载进度: 33% (2/6)
|
||
加载进度: 50% (3/6)
|
||
加载进度: 67% (4/6)
|
||
加载进度: 83% (5/6)
|
||
加载进度: 100% (6/6)
|
||
场景 Gameplay 资源预加载完成
|
||
|
||
=== 资源状态 ===
|
||
已加载资源数: 9
|
||
|
||
--- 测试 3: 获取游戏场景资源句柄 ---
|
||
获取场景 Gameplay 的资源句柄
|
||
已获取 6 个资源句柄
|
||
|
||
--- 测试 4: 初始化游戏 ===
|
||
|
||
=== 初始化游戏 ===
|
||
玩家纹理已加载: 512x512
|
||
背景音乐已加载: 30秒
|
||
游戏初始化完成
|
||
|
||
--- 测试 5: 使用临时资源 ---
|
||
创建子弹，使用纹理
|
||
播放射击音效
|
||
|
||
--- 测试 6: 清理游戏 ---
|
||
|
||
=== 清理游戏资源 ===
|
||
游戏资源已清理
|
||
|
||
--- 测试 7: 释放场景资源句柄 ---
|
||
释放 6 个资源句柄
|
||
|
||
--- 测试 8: 卸载菜单场景资源 ---
|
||
|
||
卸载场景 Menu 的资源
|
||
纹理已释放: textures/menu_bg.png
|
||
纹理已释放: textures/button.png
|
||
音频已释放: audio/menu_bgm.mp3
|
||
场景 Menu 资源已卸载
|
||
|
||
=== 资源状态 ===
|
||
已加载资源数: 6
|
||
|
||
=== 测试完成 ===
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**验证步骤**：
|
||
|
||
1. 资源预加载正常工作
|
||
2. 加载进度正确显示
|
||
3. 资源句柄管理正确
|
||
4. 临时资源自动释放
|
||
5. 资源卸载成功执行
|
||
6. 内存正确清理
|
||
|
||
## 下一步
|
||
|
||
恭喜！你已经掌握了资源管理的最佳实践。接下来可以学习：
|
||
|
||
- [使用协程系统](/zh-CN/tutorials/coroutine-tutorial) - 在协程中加载资源
|
||
- [实现状态机](/zh-CN/tutorials/state-machine-tutorial) - 在状态切换时管理资源
|
||
- [实现存档系统](/zh-CN/tutorials/save-system) - 保存和加载游戏数据
|
||
|
||
## 相关文档
|
||
|
||
- [资源管理系统](/zh-CN/core/resource) - 资源系统详细说明
|
||
- [对象池系统](/zh-CN/core/pool) - 结合对象池复用资源
|
||
- [协程系统](/zh-CN/core/coroutine) - 异步加载资源
|
||
- [System 层](/zh-CN/core/system) - System 详细说明
|